Model Selection

Lecture 17

June 10, 2025

While you wait…

Open up/keep working on AE13! (Goal: fit the interaction effects model).

Announcements

  • Office hours today: 3:30 - 5:30

  • Lab 4 Q8 part d: challenge!

  • Midterm scores are posted on gradescope: come by office hours or schedule a meeting with me to see your in-class exam!

Grading Reminders

  • Labs are equally weighted and the lowest is dropped

  • Midterm is worth 20% of your final grade

  • Final is worth 20% of your final grade

  • New policy: If you score better on the final exam than the midterm, we will weight the final exam higher in your final grade calculation.

Let us help you!!!

No question is too big or too small. Seriously!!

So many models…

  • We’ve seen a bunch of different linear models for predicting continuous outcomes

  • How can we tell how good they are? How can we choose between models?

Recall: Residuals

Recall: Least squares line

The residual for the \(i^{th}\) observation is

\[e_i = \text{observed} - \text{predicted} = y_i - \hat{y}_i\]

The sum of squared residuals is

\[e^2_1 + e^2_2 + \dots + e^2_n\]

The least squares line is the one that minimizes the sum of squared residuals

The concept still applies!

  • Each model we fit since simple linear regression has minimized a sum of squared residuals.
  • Even if we have more than one \(x\) (explanatory variable), we still predict one \(\hat{Y}\).
  • The residual for the \(i^{th}\) observation is still

\[e_i = \text{observed} - \text{predicted} = y_i - \hat{y}_i\]

  • Reminder: use augment to get predictions and residuals

Example

How do we pick between our models?

  • Over the past few days, we have fit a ton of linear models to predict penguins’ body mass.

    • Simple linear regression with flipper length

    • Regression with island

    • Additive model with island and flipper length

    • Interaction model with island and flipper length

  • Wouldn’t it be nice if there was some score that would tell us which is the “best”??

Recall: R (no, not the language)

  • Recall: Correlation (R) is a value between -1 and 1 that tells us how strong of a linear relationship two variables haves
  • Now: \(R^2\) (between 0 and 1) gives the proportion of variability in the outcome explained by the model
  • \(R^2\) is useful for quantifying the fit of a given model…
  • … but \(R^2\) always goes up every time you add any predictor to a model, even if that predictor is silly and useless.

Adjusted \(R^2\)

  • Adjusted \(R^2\) is an… adjusted version of \(R^2\) that penalized the number of predictors in the model
  • This makes it very useful for comparing models!
  • Philosophically, we want a model that both:
    • Fits/predicts well and…
    • Is as simple as possible (so we can understand it)
  • Idea: Occam’s razor - when faced with many explanations/models, we should choose the least complex one that fits the data well.

How to implement?

Use the function glance to compute \(R^2\) and adjusted \(R^2\):

# A tibble: 1 × 12
  r.squared adj.r.squared sigma statistic   p.value    df logLik   AIC
      <dbl>         <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
1     0.774         0.772  383.      386. 7.60e-109     3 -2517. 5045.
# ℹ 4 more variables: BIC <dbl>, deviance <dbl>, df.residual <int>,
#   nobs <int>

How to compare?

Just flipper length:

# A tibble: 1 × 12
  r.squared adj.r.squared sigma statistic   p.value    df logLik   AIC
      <dbl>         <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
1     0.759         0.758  394.     1071. 4.37e-107     1 -2528. 5063.
# ℹ 4 more variables: BIC <dbl>, deviance <dbl>, df.residual <int>,
#   nobs <int>

Just island :

# A tibble: 1 × 12
  r.squared adj.r.squared sigma statistic  p.value    df logLik   AIC
      <dbl>         <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
1     0.394         0.390  626.      110. 1.52e-37     2 -2686. 5380.
# ℹ 4 more variables: BIC <dbl>, deviance <dbl>, df.residual <int>,
#   nobs <int>

How to compare?

Additive model:

# A tibble: 1 × 12
  r.squared adj.r.squared sigma statistic   p.value    df logLik   AIC
      <dbl>         <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
1     0.774         0.772  383.      386. 7.60e-109     3 -2517. 5045.
# ℹ 4 more variables: BIC <dbl>, deviance <dbl>, df.residual <int>,
#   nobs <int>

Interaction model:

# A tibble: 1 × 12
  r.squared adj.r.squared sigma statistic   p.value    df logLik   AIC
      <dbl>         <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
1     0.786         0.783  374.      246. 4.55e-110     5 -2508. 5031.
# ℹ 4 more variables: BIC <dbl>, deviance <dbl>, df.residual <int>,
#   nobs <int>

Practice

  • Use AE-13 to practice!

  • Solutions will be posted today

A note about (multiple) linear regression

Think about in your projects!

Why use more variables?

  • Real-world outcomes are influenced by many factors
  • Multiple regression lets us:
    • Include more explanatory variables
    • Control for variables that might confound relationships
  • This helps isolate the effect of interest

Example: Predicting Wages

You want to understand how gender affects wages.

wage ~ gender

This tells you the overall difference, but doesn’t control for education or experience.

Add control variables

wage ~ gender + education + experience

Now you’re comparing:

People with the same education and experience
But different gender

More fair, more realistic, more useful!

Key idea: Controlling for a variable

Holding a variable constant to isolate the effect of another

You’re asking:

“What is the effect of gender if education and experience are the same?”

This is what we mean by controlling for variables.

Why this matters

Without controlling, we might:

  • Overstate or understate effects
  • Confuse correlation with causation
  • Miss important patterns

Multiple regression gives us a better picture of how the world really works!

Takeaway

When doing data analysis, think about what variables might be related to both your outcome and your explanatory variables!

Projects

Talk about:

  • Milestone 2 feedback

  • Milestone 3/4/5 requirements

Key reminders:

  • use #| echo: false in code chunks

  • make sure the website renders!!!!

  • READ THE REQUIREMENTS CAREFULLY!!!

  • COME TO OFFICE HOURS!!!